[Mb-civic] U.S. Policy in Iraq Repeatedly Faulted in Recent Studies

[Michael Butler]

Also see below:     
Security Scholars Give Bush Foreign Policy a Failing Grade    €

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    U.S. Policy in Iraq Repeatedly Faulted in Recent Studies
    By Charles J. Hanley
    The Associated Press

     Sunday 17 October 2004

     The blood of Fallujah, the thunder of Baghdad and the daily struggles
of life have been distilled in columns of numbers and pages of dry prose.
The experts have taken a hard look at Iraq, and they don't like what they
see.

     Recent in-depth studies ­ by official auditors and unofficial
watchdogs, by economists and lawyers, by pollsters, political scientists and
ex-Pentagon aides ­ find a few good economic signs and some cause for hope
in January's planned elections. Even more, however, they find dashed
expectations and rising fears, missed deadlines, mismanaged money and grand
schemes lost in the smoke of car bombs and airstrikes.

     With Iraq so unstable, "there are questions about what options and
contingency plans are being developed to address these ongoing and future
challenges," the Government Accountability Office observes in a report to
Congress.

     Anthony Cordesman, a former Pentagon official and aide to Sen. John
McCain, R-Ariz., is more blunt. In many ways the U.S. occupation has been "a
dismal failure," the veteran national security analyst says.

     His colleagues at Washington's Center for Strategic and International
Studies ­ in a separate, 102-page analysis ­ note that "failure" and
"success" are sensitive words as the presidential election nears.
Nonetheless, they conclude, Iraq "will not be a 'success' for a long time."

     The Associated Press reviewed a dozen such status reports against the
backdrop of nonstop violence in Baghdad and sharpening rhetoric in
Washington. The studies were conducted by U.S. government agencies and
private international and U.S. research organizations, in some cases drawn
from months of work and hundreds of interviews inside Iraq.

     Again and again, their focus falls on what the authoritative
International Crisis Group calls Iraq's "vicious circle."

     "Lack of security leads to lack of reconstruction, which leads to lack
of jobs, which leads back to lack of security," the European-based ICG
finds.

     Perhaps 60 percent of Iraq doesn't have work. With no jobs, more Iraqis
turn to armed resistance, out of resentment of the occupiers and sometimes
for money. Insurgents will pay a man up to $100 to attack a U.S. patrol, the
CSIS says.

     Security has spiraled downward since the U.S.-British invasion of March
2003. Iraqis see and hear it around them ­ in the car bombings, kidnappings
and highway banditry, and in the unrelenting mortar, rocket and
roadside-bomb attacks on the U.S. military. From a handful a day in
mid-2003, those anti-U.S. assaults have multiplied drastically ­ to more
than 70 on average every day last month.

     The GAO report, "Rebuilding Iraq," describes what happened:

     "The insurgents' targets expanded. . . . The group of insurgents grew.
. . . The areas of instability expanded" ­ from Fallujah and the Iraqi
heartland to Mosul in the north and to Najaf and Basra in the south.

     Along the way, the total of U.S. military dead rose to 1,086, and of
wounded above 7,100. Last month, U.S. deaths averaged three a day. More and
more, Iraq's U.S.-supported interim government is also a target. An
estimated 750 Iraqi policemen have been killed.

     Iraqi civilians have suffered the most. Washington's Brookings
Institution notes that unofficial estimates range from 13,000 to 30,000
civilians killed by acts of war since the invasion, by both U.S. coalition
forces and anti-U.S. fighters and terrorists. No reliable count exists for
insurgents killed.

     The studies, issued between June and September, repeatedly suggest that
two steps taken by the Bush administration last year fed the uprising: the
disbanding of Iraq's 400,000-man military and the stripping of government
and other jobs from 30,000 members of the old regime's Baath Party.

     "Abruptly terminating the livelihoods of these men created a vast pool
of humiliated, antagonized and politicized men," says Faleh Jabar of the
U.S. Institute of Peace in Washington. "Serious policy blunders," concludes
Carl Conetta of the Cambridge, Mass.-based Project on Defense Alternatives.

   

    Go to Original 

    Security Scholars Give Bush Foreign Policy a Failing Grade
    Security Scholars for a Sensible Foreign Policy

     Tuesday 12 October 2004

     Newark, Delaware - Over 650 foreign affairs specialists in the United
States and allied countries have signed an open letter opposing the Bush
administration's foreign policy and calling urgently for a change of course.

     The letter was released today by "Security Scholars for a Sensible
Foreign Policy," a nonpartisan group of experts in the field of national
security and international politics.

     The letter asserts that current U.S. foreign policy harms the struggle
against Islamist terrorists, pointing to a series of "blunders" by the Bush
team in Iraq, Afghanistan and elsewhere. "We're advising the administration,
which is already in a deep hole, to stop digging," said Professor Richard
Samuels of M.I.T.

     The scholars who signed the letter are from over 150 colleges and
universities in 40 states, from California to Florida, Texas to Maine. They
include many of the nation's most prominent experts on world politics,
including former staff members at the Pentagon, the State Department and the
National Security Council, as well as six of the last seven Presidents of
the American Political Science Association. "I think it is telling that so
many specialists on international relations, who rarely agree on anything,
are unified in their position on the high costs that the U.S. is incurring
from this war," said Professor Robert Keohane of Duke University.

     The text of the letter:

     October, 2004

     An Open Letter to the American People:

     We, a nonpartisan group of foreign affairs specialists, have joined
together to call urgently for a change of course in American foreign and
national security policy. We judge that the current American policy centered
around the war in Iraq is the most misguided one since the Vietnam period,
one which harms the cause of the struggle against extreme Islamist
terrorists. One result has been a great distortion in the terms of public
debate on foreign and national security policy‹an emphasis on speculation
instead of facts, on mythology instead of calculation, and on misplaced
moralizing over considerations of national interest. [1] We write to
challenge some of these distortions.

     Although we applaud the Bush Administration for its initial focus on
destroying al-Qaida bases in Afghanistan, its failure to engage sufficient
U.S. troops to capture or kill the mass of al-Qaida fighters in the later
stages of that war was a great blunder. It is a fact that the early shift of
U.S. focus to Iraq diverted U.S. resources, including special operations
forces and intelligence capabilities, away from direct pursuit of the fight
against the terrorists. [2]

     Many of the justifications offered by the Bush Administration for the
war in Iraq have been proven untrue by credible studies, including by U.S.
government agencies. There is no evidence that Iraq assisted al-Qaida, and
its prewar involvement in international terrorism was negligible. [3] Iraq¹s
arsenal of chemical and biological weapons was negligible, and its nuclear
weapons program virtually nonexistent. [4] In comparative terms, Iran is and
was much the greater sponsor of terrorism, and North Korea and Pakistan pose
much the greater risk of nuclear proliferation to terrorists. Even on moral
grounds, the case for war was dubious: the war itself has killed over a
thousand Americans and unknown thousands of Iraqis, and if the threat of
civil war becomes reality, ordinary Iraqis could be even worse off than they
were under Saddam Hussein. The Administration knew most of these facts and
risks before the war, and could have discovered the others, but instead it
played down, concealed or misrepresented them.

     Policy errors during the occupation and reconstruction of Iraq have
created a situation in Iraq worse than it needed to be. Spurning the advice
of Army Chief of Staff General Shinseki, the Administration committed an
inadequate number of troops to the occupation, leading to the continuing
failure to establish security in Iraq. Ignoring prewar planning by the State
Department and other US government agencies, it created a needless security
vacuum by disbanding the Iraqi Army, and embarked on a poorly planned and
ineffective reconstruction effort which to date has managed to spend only a
fraction of the money earmarked for it. [5] As a result, Iraqi popular
dismay at the lack of security, jobs or reliable electric power fuels much
of the violent opposition to the U.S. military presence, while the war
itself has drawn in terrorists from outside Iraq.

     The results of this policy have been overwhelmingly negative for U.S.
interests. [6] While the removal of Saddam Hussein¹s regime was desirable,
the benefit to the U.S. was small as prewar inspections had already proven
the extreme weakness of his WMD programs, and therefore the small size of
the threat he posed. On the negative side, the excessive U.S. focus on Iraq
led to weak and inadequate responses to the greater challenges posed by
North Korea¹s and Iran¹s nuclear programs, and diverted resources from the
economic and diplomatic efforts needed to fight terrorism in its breeding
grounds in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and elsewhere in the Middle East. Worse,
American actions in Iraq, including but not limited to the scandal of Abu
Ghraib, have harmed the reputation of the U.S. in most parts of the Middle
East and, according to polls, made Osama Bin Laden more popular in some
countries than is President Bush. This increased popularity makes it easier
for al-Qaida to raise money, attract recruits, and carry out its terrorist
operations than would otherwise be the case.

     Recognizing these negative consequences of the Iraq war, in addition to
the cost in lives and money, we believe that a fundamental reassessment is
in order. Significant improvements are needed in our strategy in Iraq and
the implementation of that strategy. We call urgently for an open debate on
how to achieve these ends, one informed by attention to the facts on the
ground in Iraq, the facts of al-Qaida¹s methods and strategies, and sober
attention to American interests and values.

     There are 729 signatures as of 6:00 PM on 13 October 2004. If you are a
scholar of international affairs and would like your signature added, please
e-mail us at sensibleforeignpolicy at gmail.com.

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     Hoover Institution National Fellow (2004-2005), Stanford University

     Susan Foster
     Professor, Department of International Health, School of Public Health
     Boston University

     Joseph Foudy
     Visiting Scholar, Department of Politics
     New York University

     Jonathan A. Fox
     Professor, Latin American and Latino Studies Department
     University of California, Santa Cruz

     John Frankentein
     Adjunct, Department of Political Science Research Associate,
Weatherhead East Asia Institute
     Columbia University

     Barbara Franz
     Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science
     Rider University

     M. Taylor Fravel
     Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science
     Massachusetts Institute of Technology

     Robert O. Freedman
     Peggy Meyerhoff Pearlstone Professor of Political Science
     Baltimore Hebrew University

     Annette Freyberg-Inan
     Assistant Professor, Political Science Department
     University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

     Jeffrey Freyman
     Professor of Political Science
     Transylvania University

     Jeff Frieden
     Stanfield Professor of International Peace, Department of Government
     Harvard University

     Edward Friedman
     Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of Wisconsin, Madison

     H. Richard Friman
     Professor, Department of Political Science
     Marquette University

     Timothy Frye
     Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and Mershon Center
     Ohio State University

     Regina Gaillard
     Associate Professor of International Relations and Political Science
     Troy University, Florida Region

     Dennis Galvan
     Director, International Studies Program and Associate Professor of
Political Science & International Studies
     University of Oregon

     Diego Gambetta
     Professor, Nuffield College,
     University of Oxford, UK

     Sumit Ganguly
     Rabindranath Tagore Chair in Indian Cultures and Civilizations and
Professor of Political Science
     Indiana University

     David Garnham
     Professor Emeritus, Department of Political Science
     The University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee

     Sheldon Garon
     Professor of History and East Asian Studies, History Department
     Princeton University

     Mark Garrison
     Senior Fellow, Watson Institute for International Studies
     Brown University

     Jean A. Garrison
     Associate Professor Department of Political Science
     University of Wyoming

     Mark Gasiorowski
     Professor, Department of Political Science
     Louisiana State University

     F. Gregory Gause, III
     Associate Professor of Political Science
     University of Vermont

     Clifford Geertz
     Professor Emeritus, School of Social Science
     Institute for Advanced Study

     Scott Gehlbach
     Assistant Professor of Political Science
     University of Wisconsin, Madison

     Christopher Gelpi
     Associate Professor of Political Science
     Duke University

     Alexander George
     Professor Emeritus, Political Science
     Stanford University

     Jim George
     Senior Lecturer in International Relations
     The Australian National University

     Deborah J. Gerner
     Professor of Political Science and Co-director, Center for
International Political Analysis
     University of Kansas

     John Gerring
     Associate Professor Department of Political Science
     Boston University

     John Gershman
     Adjunct Professor of Public Administration
     Robert F. Wagner Graduate School for Public Service, New York
University

     Ranjeeta Ghiara
     Associate Dean for Budget and Operations College of Arts and Sciences
     California State University, San Marco

     Eugene Gholz
     Assistant Professor, Patterson School of Diplomacy and International
Commerce
     University of Kentucky

     Mark T. Gilderhus
     Lyndon B. Johnson Endowed Chair Holder, History Department, Texas
Christian University
     Former President, Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations

     Charlie Glaser
     Professor and Deputy Dean, Harris Graduate School of Public Policy
Studies
     University of Chicago

     Abbott Gleason
     Keeney Professor of History
     Brown University

     Kristian Skrede Gleditsch
     Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of California, San Diego

     Dmitri Glinski
     Adjunct Assistant Professor, Political Science Department
     Columbia University

     Stacie Goddard
     Visiting Scholar, Center for International Studies
     University of Southern California

     Hein Goemans
     Assistant Professor of Political Science
     University of Rochester

     David Gold
     Professor of Economics, Graduate Program in International Affairs
     New School University

     Benjamin Goldfrank
     Assistant Professor, Political Science Department
     University of New Mexico

     Avery Goldstein
     Professor, Political Science Department
     University of Pennsylvania

     Judith Goldstein
     Professor, Department of Political Science
     Stanford University

     Steven M. Goldstein
     Sophia Smith Professor of Government, Smith College
     Director, Taiwan Studies Workshop, Fairbank Center, Harvard University

     Vicki L. Golich
     Dean, College of Arts & Sciences Professor, Political Science
     California State University San Marcos

     Andrew Gordon
     Lee and Juliet Folger Fund Professor of History
     Harvard University

     Eric D. Gordy
     Associate Professor, Department of Sociology
     Clark University

     Harry D. Gould
     Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations
     Florida International University

     Peter Gourevitch
     Professor, Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific
Studies
     University of California, San Diego

     Joanne Gowa
     Boswell Professor of World Politics
     Princeton University

     Daniel M. Green
     Associate Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of Delaware

     Molly Greene
     Associate Professor, Department of History and Program in Hellenic
Studies
     Princeton University

     Kelly M. Greenhill
     Research Fellow, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs,
Harvard University
     Adjunct Assistant Professor, Columbia University

     Peter Hays Gries
     Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, The University of
Colorado, Boulder
     Director, The Sino-American Security Dialogue

     Arman Grigorian
     Visiting Assistant Professor of Politics
     Wesleyan University

     Suzette R. Grillot
     Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and School of
International and Area Studies
     University of Oklahoma

     William W. Grimes
     Associate Professor, Department of International Relations
     Boston University

     Andrea Grove
     Assistant Professor of Political Science and Director, Peace Studies
Program
     Westminster College

     Siba N. Grovogui
     Associate Professor Department of Political Science
     Johns Hopkins University

     Isebill V. Gruhn
     Professor of Politics Emerita
     University of California, Santa Cruz

     Ted Robert Gurr
     Distinguished University Professor
     University of Maryland

     Mel Gurtov
     Professor of Political Science and International Studies, Hatfield
School of Government, Portland State University
     Editor-in-Chief, Asian Perspective

     Tamar Gutner
     Assistant Professor of International Relations
     School of International Service American University

     Stefano Guzzini
     Associate Professor of Government
     Uppsala University, Sweden

     Peter M. Haas
     Professor and Graduate Program Director, Department of Political
Science
     University of Massachusetts, Amherst

     Emilie M. Hafner-Burton
     Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Nuffield College, Oxford University
     Associated Fellow, Center for Democracy, Development, and the Rule of
Law, Stanford University

     Stephan Haggard
     Lawrence and Sallye Krause Professor, Graduate School of International
Relations and Pacific Studies
     University of California, San Diego

     Frances Hagopian
     Michael P. Grace Associate Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of Notre Dame

     Elaine C. Hagopian
     Professor Emerita of Sociology
     Simmons College, Boston

     Stacy Bergstrom Haldi
     Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science
     Gettysburg College

     Rodney Bruce Hall
     Academic Director, Oxford University Foreign Service Programme
     University of Oxford

     Gary G. Hamilton
     Department of Sociology and The Jackson School of International Studies
     University of Washington

     Landon E. Hancock
     Visiting Assistant Professor, Institute for Conflict Analysis &
Resolution
     George Mason University

     Patrick J. Haney
     Professor, Assistant Chair and Chief Departmental Adviser, Department
of Political Science
     Miami University

     Hurst Hannum
     Professor of International Law and Co-Director, Center for Human Rights
& Conflict Resolution, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy
     Tufts University

     Russell Hardin
     Professor, Department of Politics
     New York University

     Jeffrey Hart
     Professor, Department of Political Science
     Indiana University

     Walter Hatch
     Assistant Professor, Department of Government
     Colby College

     Virginia Haufler
     Associate Professor and Placement Director Department of Government and
Politics
     University of Maryland College Park

     David R Hayes
     Assistant Professor of International Relations
     Troy State University

     Waleed Hazbun
     Assistant Professor Department of Political Science
     The Johns Hopkins University

     John Hazlett
     Director, B.A. in International Studies, College of Liberal Arts
     University of New Orleans

     Martin O. Heisler
     Professor of Government and Politics
     University of Maryland

     Yoshiko Herrera
     Associate Professor of Government
     Harvard University

     Gary Herrigel
     Associate Professor of Political Science and the College
     University of Chicago

     Richard K. Herrmann
     Professor, Department of Political Science
     Ohio State University

     Shareen Hertel
     Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and Human Rights
Institute
     University of Connecticut, Storrs

     David Hirschmann
     Professor and Director, International Development Program
     School of International Service American University

     Theresa Hitchens
     Vice President
     Center for Defense Information

     Jennifer L. Hochschild
     Henry LaBarre Jayne Professor of Government and Professor of African
and African American Studies
     Harvard University

     Kathryn Hochstetler
     Political Science Department
     Colorado State University

     Wolfgang Hoeschele
     Associate Professor of Geography, Division of Social Science
     Truman State University

     Stanley Hoffmann
     Buttenwieser University Professor, Center for European Studies
     Harvard University

     Ole R. Holsti
     George V. Allen Professor, Department of Political Science
     Duke University

     K. J. Holsti
     University Killam Professor, Centre for International Relations
     University of British Columbia

     Steven W. Hook
     Associate Professor, Department of Political Science
     Kent State University

     Ted Hopf
     Associate Professor, Department of Political Science
     Ohio State University

     Raymond Hopkins
     Professor of Political Science
     Swarthmore College

     P. Terrence Hopmann
     Professor of Political Science, Brown University
     2004-5 Fellow, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars,
Washington, DC

     Peter M. Howard
     Assistant Professor, School of International Service
     American University

     Marc Morjé Howard
     Assistant Professor of Government
     Georgetown University

     Dick Howard
     Distinguished Professor of Philosophy
     State University of New York, Stony Brook

     Chris Howell
     Professor of Politics
     Oberlin College

     Aida A. Hozic
     Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of Florida

     Mala Htun
     Assistant Professor of Political Science
     New School for Social Research

     George E. Hudson
     Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science and Director,
Russian Area Studies Program
     Wittenberg University

     Michael C. Hudson
     Seif Ghobash Professor of Arab Studies, and Director, Center for
Contemporary Arab Studies
     Georgetown University

     Michael G. Huelshoff
     Associate Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of New Orleans

     Victoria Tin-bor Hui
     Visiting Fellow, Kellogg Institute
     Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science,
University of Notre Dame

     Richard Hula
     Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science
     Michigan State University

     Ian Hurd
     Assistant Professor of Political Science
     Northwestern University

     Elizabeth Shakman Hurd
     Assistant Professor of International Relations
     Northwestern University

     Roger Hurwitz
     CSAIL: Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
     Massachusetts Institute of Technology

     Paul D. Hutchcroft
     Associate Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of Wisconsin, Madison

     G. John Ikenberry
     Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs,
Department of Political Science
     Princeton University

     Cynthia Irvin
     Senior Social Scientist
     RTI International

     Patrick Thaddeus Jackson
     Assistant Professor of International Relations, School of International
Service
     American University

     William D. Jackson
     Professor, Department of Political Science
     Miami University

     Amaney Jamal
     Assistant Professor of Politics
     Princeton University

     Laura D. Jenkins
     Associate Professor of Political Science
     University of Cincinnati

     Bruce W. Jentleson
     Director, Terry Sanford Institute of Public Policy Chair, Department of
Public Policy Studies Professor of Public Policy and Political Science
     Duke University

     Robert Jervis
     Adlai E. Stevenson Professor of International Politics
     Columbia University

     Juliet Johnson
     Associate Professor, Department of Political Science
     McGill University

     James Johnson
     Associate Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of Rochester

     Ian Johnstone
     Associate Professor of International Law, Fletcher School of Law and
Diplomacy
     Tufts University

     Christopher C. Joyner
     Professor, Department of Government and the School of Foreign Service;
Director, Institute for International Law and Politics
     Georgetown University

     Peter Juviler
     Emeritus Professor of Political Science
     Barnard College, Columbia University

     Miles Kahler
     Rohr Professor of Pacific International Relations and Director,
Institute for International, Comparative, and Area Studies (IICAS)
     University of California, San Diego

     Roger E. Kanet
     Political Science Professor, Department of International Studies
     University of Miami

     Terry Lynn Karl
     Professor of Political Science and Gildred Professor of Latin American
Studies
     Stanford University

     Greg Kasza
     Professor, Department of Political Science
     Indiana University

     Andrew Z. Katz
     Associate Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science
     Denison University

     Mary Fainsod Katzenstein
     Professor, Department of Government and Center for Advanced Studies
     Cornell University

     Peter J. Katzenstein
     Professor, Department of Government
     Cornell University

     Lawrence Katzenstein
     Senior Lecturer Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs
     University of Minnesota

     Robert R. Kaufman
     Professor, Department of Political Science
     Rutgers University

     Stuart J. Kaufman
     Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations
     University of Delaware

     Joyce P. Kaufman
     Professor of Political Science
     Whittier College

     Chaim D. Kaufmann
     Associate Professor, Department of International Relations
     Lehigh University

     Sean Kay
     Associate Professor of Politics and Government and Chair, International
Studies
     Ohio Wesleyan University

     Christine A. Kearney
     Assistant Professor, Department of Politics and Adjunct Assistant
Research Professor, Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown
University.
     Saint Anselm College

     Margaret Keck
     Professor, Department of Political Science
     Johns Hopkins University

     Judith Kelley
     Assistant Professor of Public Policy and Political Science
     Duke University

     Michael D. Kennedy
     Professor of Sociology
     University of Michigan

     Charles D. Kenney
     Associate Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of Oklahoma

     Robert O. Keohane
     James B. Duke Professor of Political Science
     Duke University

     Elizabeth Kier
     Associate Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of Washington

     Baruch Kimmerling
     George S. Wise Professor of Sociology, Department of Sociology and
Anthropology
     The Hebrew University

     Dwight Y. King
     Professor and Director of Graduate Studies, Department of Political
Science
     Northern Illinois University

     David Kinsella
     Associate Professor, Hatfield School of Government
     Portland State University

     Jonathan Kirshner
     Associate Professor, Department of Government
     Cornell University

     Alan Klæbel
     Research Fellow, Institute of Political Science
     University of Copenhagen

     Joseph Kling
     Chair, Government Department
     St. Lawrence University

     Audie Klotz
     Associate Professor of Political Science
     Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs Syracuse University

     Charles Knight
     Co-Director, Project on Defense Alternatives
     Commonwealth Institute

     Richard H. Kohn
     Professor, Department of History and Chair, Curriculum in Peace, War,
and Defense
     University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

     Edward A. Kolodziej
     (Emeritus) Research Professor of Political Science
     University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

     Andrzej Korbonski
     Professor of Political Science Emeritus
     UCLA

     Melinda Kovacs
     Assistant Professor of Political Science
     Concordia College

     Paul A. Kowert
     Associate Professor, Department of International Relations
     Florida International University

     Matthew Krain
     Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and Chair,
International Relations Program
     The College of Wooster

     Ellis S. Krauss
     Professor, Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific
Studies
     University of California, San Diego

     Ronald R. Krebs
     Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of Minnesota

     Joel Krieger
     Norma Wilentz Hess Professor of Political Science
     Wellesley College

     Louis Kriesberg
     Maxwell Professor Emeritus of Social Conflict Studies
     Syracuse University

     Daniel Kryder
     Department of Politics
     Brandeis

     Jan Kubik
     Associate Professor, Department of Political Science
     Rutgers University

     Erik Martinez Kuhonta
     Visiting Research Fellow at the Asia Research Institute
     National Un iversity of Singapore.

     Charles A. Kupchan
     Professor of International Affairs, Georgetown University
     Senior Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations

     Andrew Kydd
     Associate Professor, Department of Government
     Harvard University

     David Laitin
     Professor, Department of Political Science
     Stanford University

     David A. Lake
     Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of California, San Diego

     Steven L. Lamy
     Director and Professor, School of International Relations
     University of Southern California

     Richard Langhorne
     Director, Center for Global Change and Governance
     Rutgers University

     Vickie Langohr
     Assistant Professor of Political Science
     College of the Holy Cross

     Gail W. Lapidus
     Senior Fellow, Stanford Institute for International Studies and
Professor Emerita of Political Science
     University of California, Berkeley

     J. Chappell H. Lawson
     Class of 1954 Career Development Professor, Department of Political
Science
     Massachusetts Institute of Technology

     Fred H. Lawson
     Professor of Government
     Mills College

     Christopher Layne
     Contributing Editor
     The American Conservative

     Anna Leander
     Associate Professor, Dept. of Political Science and Public
Administration
     University of Southern Denmark

     James H. Lebovic
     Associate Professor of Political Science and International Affairs
     The George Washington University

     Richard Ned Lebow
     James O. Freedman Presidential Professor of Government
     Dartmouth College

     Angela D. Ledford
     Assistant Professor of Political Science and Women's Studies
Coordinator, Department of History and Political Science
     The College of Saint Rose

     Jeffrey W. Legro
     Associate Professor, Woodrow Wilson Department of Politics
     University of Virginia

     Robert Legvold
     Professor of Political Science
     Columbia University

     David Leheny
     Assistant Professor Department of Political Science
     University of Wisconsin-Madison

     Daniel S. Lev
     Emeritus Professor of Political Science
     University of Washington

     Margaret Levi
     Jere L. Bacharach Professor of International Studies Department of
Political Science, Director, CHAOS (Comparative Historical Analysis of
Organizations and States)
     University of Washington, Seattle

     Jack S. Levy
     Board of Governors' Professor, Department of Political Science
     Rutgers University

     Peter M. Lewis
     Associate Professor, School of International Service
     American University

     Peter Liberman
     Associate Professor of Political Science
     Queens College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York

     Roy Licklider
     Professor, Department of Political Science
     Rutgers University

     R. William Liddle
     Professor of Political Science
     The Ohio State University

     Arend Lijphart
     Research Professor Emeritus of Political Science
     University of California, San Diego

     Dan Lindley
     Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and Fellow, Joan
B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies
     University of Notre Dame

     Ronnie D. Lipschutz
     Professor of Politics
     Stevenson College, University of California, Santa Cruz

     Michael Lipson
     Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science
     Concordia University

     Sarah K. Lischer
     Assistant Professor, Department of Government
     Sweet Briar College

     Karen Litfin
     Associate Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of Washington

     Pierre P. Lizee
     Associate Professor Department of Political Science
     Brock University

     Carolyn Logan
     Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science Associate Director
(MSU), Afrobarometer
     Michigan State University

     Michael Loriaux
     Associate Professor of Political Science
     Northwestern University.

     Marie Olson Lounsbery
     Assistant Professor, Department of Conflict Analysis and Resolution
     Nova Southeastern University

     Paul M. Lubeck
     Professor and Director, Center for Global, International and Regional
Studies
     University of California, Santa Cruz

     Pauline Jones Luong
     Associate Professor Department of Political Science
     Brown University

     Ian S. Lustick
     Bess W. Heyman Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of Pennsylvania

     Ellen Lust-Okar
     Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and Yale Center
for International and Area Studies
     Yale University

     Catherine Lutz
     Watson Institute for International Studie
     Brown University

     Marc Lynch
     Associate Professor, Department of Political Science
     Williams College

     John A. Lynn
     Professor of History
     University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

     Patricia L. Maclachlan
     Associate Professor of Asian Studies and Government
     University of Texas at Austin

     Dewar MacLeod
     Assistant Professor of History
     William Paterson University

     Malgosia Madajewicz
     Assistant Professor of Economics and International Affairs
     Columbia University

     Bruce Magnusson
     Assistant Professor, Department of Politics
     Whitman College

     Vincent A. Mahler
     Professor Department of Political Science
     Loyola University Chicago

     Scott Mainwaring
     Director, Kellogg Institute for International Studies
     University of Notre Dame

     Stephen J. Majeski
     Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science
     University of Washington

     Peter P. Mandaville
     Director, Center for Global Studies
     George Mason University

     Kristina Mani
     Assistant Professor, Politics Department
     Oberlin College

     Bruce Mannheim
     Professor of Anthropology
     University of Michigan

     Richard W. Mansbach
     Professor, Department of Political Science
     Iowa State University

     Michael Margolis
     Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of Cincinnati

     Andrei S. Markovits
     Karl W. Deutsch Collegiate Professor of Comparative Politics and German
Studies
     University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

     Irving Leonard Markovitz
     Professor of Political Science, Queens College
     Professor, The Graduate Center, City University of New York

     Renée E. Marlin-Bennett
     Associate Professor, School of International Service and Director,
Division of International Politics and Foreign Policy
     American University

     Kimberly Marten
     Associate Professor, Department of Political Science
     Barnard College, Columbia University

     Lisa L. Martin
     Clarence Dillon Professor of International Affairs, Department of
Government
     Harvard University

     Susan B. Martin
     Lecturer, Department of War Studies
     King's College London

     Félix E. Martín
     Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations
     Florida International University

     Philip Mauceri
     Director, Center for International Peace and Security Studies
     University of Northern Iowa

     Patricia A Maulden
     Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution
     George Mason University

     Barrett L. McCormick
     Professor, Political Science Department
     Marquette University

     Rose McDermott
     Associate Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of California, Santa Barbara

     Siobhan McEvoy-Levy
     Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science
     Butler University

     Eric M. McGlinchey
     Assistant Professor, Political Science Department
     Iowa State University

     Dean E. McHenry, Jr.
     Professor, Department of Politics and Policy
     Claremont Graduate University

     Margaret A. McKean
     Associate Professor, Political Science
     Duke University

     Timothy J. McKeown
     Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

     Patrice C. McMahon
     Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of Nebraska, Lincoln

     Kathleen R. McNamara
     Associate Professor of Government & Foreign Service Department of
Government
     Georgetown University

     John J. Mearsheimer
     Professor, Political Science Department
     University of Chicago

     John Mehrtens
     Assistant Professor Department of Political Science
     University of Nevada - Las Vegas

     Sarah E. Mendelson
     Senior Fellow
     Center for Strategic and International Studies

     Rajan Menon
     Monroe J. Rathbone Professor of International Relations and Fellow, New
America Foundation
     Lehigh University

     Jon Mercer
     Associate Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of Washington, Seattle

     Julie A. Mertus
     Associate Professor, School of International Service
     American University

     Sophie Meunier
     Research Associate in Public and International Affairs
     Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Princeton
University

     William H. Meyer
     Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of Delaware

     Elliott L. Meyrowitz
     Adjunct Professor of Law, Michigan State University College of Law
     Adjunct Professor of History, Wayne State University

     Paul Midford
     School of Policy Studies
     Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan

     Manus I. Midlarsky
     Moses and Annuta Back Professor of International Peace and Conflict
Resolution
     Rutgers University, New Brunswick

     Mark J. Miller
     Emma Smith Morris Professor, Department of Political Science and
International Relations
     University of Delaware

     Kurt Mills
     Lecturer in International Human Rights, Department of Politics
     University of Glasgow

     Helen V. Milner
     B. C. Forbes Professor of Politics and International Affairs,
Department of Politics
     Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University

     Karen Mingst
     Lockwood Chair Professor of International Political Economy, Patterson
School of Diplomacy and International Commerce
     University of Kentucky

     Ronald Mitchell
     Associate Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of Oregon

     James H. Mittelman
     Professor, School of International Service
     American University

     Jennifer Mitzen
     Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science
     Ohio State University

     Mike Mochizuki
     Director and Holder of the Japan-U.S. Relations Chair, Sigur Center for
Asian Studies, Elliott School of International Affairs
     George Washington University

     José Ramón Montero
     Catedrático de Ciencia Política y Director, Departamento de Ciencia
Política y Relaciones Internacionales, Facultad de Derecho
     Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain

     J. Donald Moon
     John E. Andrus Professor of Government
     Wesleyan University

     Rebecca R. Moore
     Associate Professor of Political Science and Director, Global Studies
Program
     Concordia College

     Pete W. Moore
     Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of Miami

     Kimberly J. Morgan
     Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Affairs
     George Washington University

     Trevor G. N. Morris
     Professor of International Studies and Dean of the School of Public
Affairs
     Methodist College

     Layna Mosley
     Assistant Professor, Dept of Political Science
     University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

     Ambler Moss
     Professor of International Studies
     University of Miami

     Michael Mousseau
     Associate Professor of International Relations
     Koc University

     John Mueller
     Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies
     Ohio State University

     Craig N. Murphy
     M. Margaret Ball Professor of International Relations
     Wellesley College

     Shoon Murray
     Associate Professor, School of International Service
     American University

     Laura Neack
     Rejai Professor, Department of Political Science
     Miami University

     Clark Neher
     Emeritus Professor, Department of Political Science and Emeritus
Director, Center for Southeast Asian Studies
     Northern Illinois University

     Daniel N. Nelson
     Dean, College of Arts and Sciences
     University of New Haven

     Matthew J. Nelson
     Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science
     Bates College

     Immanuel Ness
     Associate Professor of Political Science, Brooklyn College
     City University of New York

     Iver B. Neumann
     Research Professor
     Norwegian Institute of International Affairs

     Catharine Newbury
     Professor of Government and Five College Professor of African Studies
     Smith College

     Randall Newnham
     Associate Professor, Department of Political Science
     Penn State, Berks-Lehigh Valley

     Daniel H. Nexon
     Assistant Professor, Department of Government and School of Foreign
Service
     Georgetown University

     Philip Nord
     Professor of History
     Princeton University

     Sean Norris
     Adjunct Professor, Dept. of Govt. and Politics
     St. John's University, New York

     Andrew Norris
     Assistant Professor of Political Science
     University of Pennsylvania

     James O'Connell
     Professor Emeritus of Peace Studies
     University of Bradford

     Barry O'Neill
     Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of California, Los Angeles

     John S. Odell
     Professor, School of International Relations
     University of Southern California

     Joel E. Oestreich
     Assistant Professor of Political Science
     Drexel University

     Nicholas Onuf
     Professor, Department of International Relations
     Florida International University

     Ido Oren
     Associate Professor and Associate Chair, Department of Political
Science
     University of Florida

     David Ost
     Professor of Political Science
     Hobart & William Smith Colleges

     Taylor Owen
     Post Graduate Fellow in Genocide Studies
     Yale University

     Robert Paarlberg
     Professor of Political Science
     Wellesley College

     John F. Padgett
     Associate Professor of Political Science and Research Professor, Santa
Fe Institute
     University of Chicago

     Glenn Palmer
     Associate Professor, Department of Political Science
     Pennsylvania State University

     Robert A. Pape
     Associate Professor, Political Science Department
     University of Chicago

     Scott Parrish
     Visiting Associate Professor of International Policy Studies and Senior
Research Associate, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute
of International Studies
     Editor, Nonproliferation Review

     Robert A. Pastor
     Professor of International Relations and Vice President of
International Affairs
     American University

     Louis W. Pauly
     Director, Centre for International Studies
     University of Toronto

     Leigh Payne
     Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of Wisconsin, Madison

     Rodger A. Payne
     Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of Louisville

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     Associate Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of New Mexico

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     Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis

     Yoav Peled
     Associate Professor Department of Political Science
     Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel

     T.J. Pempel
     Director, Institute of East Asian Studies
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     Susan E. Penksa
     Associate Professor, Department of Political Science
     Westmont College

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     T.T. and Wei Fong Chao Professor of Asian Civilizations and Professor
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     Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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     Henry Rosovsky Professor of Government
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     Randolph B. Persaud
     Associate Professor of International Relations
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     Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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     Research Lecturer, School of International Service and Project
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     Monterey Institute of International Studies

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     University of California, Riverside

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     The Ohio State University

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     Professor of Government
     Cornell University

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     Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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     Professor of Political Science
     Bryant University

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     Institute Professor and Director, Center for Nonproliferation Studies
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     Robson Professor of Political Science
     UC Berkeley

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     London School of Economics and Political Science

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     Reed College

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     Rutgers University

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     Bates College

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     University of New Orleans

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     State University of New York, Oswego

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     Director of Studies and Senior Fellow, Center on International
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     Professor of Political Science Emerita
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     Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs Syracuse University

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     Associate Professor of Political Science
     Rider University

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     Dean Acheson Professor of International Relations
     Yale University

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     Wesleyan University

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     Tel Aviv University

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     Stanford University

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     McGill University

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     Assistant Professor of Political Science
     Yale University

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     Ford International Professor of Political Science and Director, Center
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     Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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     Associate Professor, Politics Department
     Oberlin College

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     University of Chicago

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     Professor and Director of the Center for Global History, Department of
History
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     Research Associate, Center for International Studies
     Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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     Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science
     Southern Illinois University

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     Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of Wisconsin, Madison

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     Jean Monnet Professor of European Integration, Department of
International Relations
     Boston University

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     Professor of Political Science
     European University Institute and Stanford University (emeritus

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     Associate Professor, School of International Service
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     Loyola University

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     University of Kansas

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     Professor of Social Science
     Institute for Advanced Study

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     Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of International Relations
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     Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and Elliot School
of International Affairs
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     Associate Professor of Political Science and International Affairs,
Department of Political Science
     George Washington University

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     Development Studies Institute (DESTIN)
     London School of Economics and Political Science

     D. Michael Shafer
     Professor of Political Science and Director, Center for Global Security
and Democracy
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     Visiting Assistant Professor, Center for Contemporary Arab Studies,
Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service
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     Arleen Carlson Professor of Political Science
     University of Minnesota

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     Associate Professor and Chair of Undergraduate Program, Department of
Political Science
     University of Pennsylvania

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     Instructor, Geopolitics
     International Black Sea University, Tbilisi, Georgia

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     Professor of Political Science
     Arizona State University

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     Assistant Professor of Political Science
     University of Notre Dame

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     Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics, University Center for Human
Values
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     J.David Singer
     Professor Emeritus, Department of Political Science
     University of Michigan

     Patricia Siplon
     Associate Professor, Department of Political Science
     Saint Michael's College

     Randolph M. Siverson
     Professor of Political Science and Director, International Relations
Program
     University of California, Davis

     Theda Skocpol
     Victor S. Thomas Professor of Government and Sociology and Director of
the Center for American Political Studies
     Harvard University

     Eugene B. Skolnikoff
     Professor of Political Science Emeritus
     Massachusetts Institute of Technology

     Stanley R. Sloan
     Director, Atlantic Community Initiative
     Visiting Scholar, Middlebury College, Vermont

     Arthur A. Small, III
     Assistant Professor School of International & Public Affairs and Earth
Institute
     Columbia University

     Margaret E. Smith
     Assistant Professor
     School of International Service American University

     Kristin Smith
     Qatar Post-Doctoral Fellow
     Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University

     Mitchell P. Smith
     Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and School of
International and Area Studies (SIAS) and Co-Director, European Union Center
     The University of Oklahoma

     David G. Smith
     Emeritus Professor of Political Science
     Swarthmore College

     Michael E. Smith
     Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science
     Georgia State University

     Michael Joseph Smith
     Sorensen Professor of Political & Social Thought
     University of Virginia

     William C. Smith
     Professor, Department of International Studies, University of Miami
     Editor, Latin American Politics and Society

     Duncan Snidal
     Associate Professor of Political Science & Public Policy
     University of Chicago

     Jack L. Snyder
     Robert and Renée Belfer Professor of International Relations
     Columbia University

     Etel Solingen
     Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of California Irvine

     Dina Spechler
     Associate Professor, Dept. of Political Science
     Indiana University

     Ronald Spector
     Professor of History and International Relations, Elliott School of
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     George Washington University

     James C. Sperling
     Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of Akron

     Valerie Sperling
     Associate Professor of Government and International Relations
     Clark University

     Hendrik Spruyt
     Norman Dwight Harris Professor of International Relations
     Northwestern University

     William D. Stanley
     Associate Professor of Political Science
     University of New Mexico

     Harvey Starr
     Chair and Dag Hammarskjold Professor in International Affairs,
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     University of South Carolina

     John D. Stempel
     Senior Professor of International Relations and Acting Director,
Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce
     University of Kentucky

     Carolyn M. Stephenson
     Associate Professor, Political Science
     University of Hawaii at Manoa

     Jennifer Sterling-Folker
     Associate Professor and Director of Undergraduate Studies, Department
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     University of Connecticut

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     Lecturer in Public Policy, Kennedy School of Government
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     Associate Professor, Department of Political Science
     Concordia University

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     Mary Gibbs Jones Professor of History, History Department
     Rice University

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     Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science
     McGill University

     Sherrill Stroschein
     Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science
     Ohio University

     J.J. Suh
     Assistant Professor Department of Government
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     Marianna Pulaski Sullivan
     Professor of Political Science Director, International Studies Program
     The College of New Jersey

     Michael J. Sullivan III
     Professor of History and Politics
     Drexel University

     David Sylvan
     Professor of International Relations, Political Science Department
     Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva

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     Tufts University

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     Director, International Relations Program, Watson Institute for
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     Brown University

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     University of Wisconsin, Madison

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     Maxwell M. Upson Professor of Government
     Cornell University

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     Amherst College

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     Scholar in Residence, School of International Service
     American University

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     Boston University

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     Northwestern University

     Wendy Theodore
     Assistant Professor Africana Studies
     University of Arizona

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     University of Pittsburgh

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     Ohio State University

     Daniel J. Tichenor
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     Rutgers University, New Brunswick

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     Professor School of International Relations, University of Southern
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     College of William and Mary

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     Kenyon College

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     National Chengchi University Taipei, Taiwan

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     University of Toronto

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     Princeton University

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     University of Wales, Aberystwyth

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     Department of Politics
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     Department of Government and Politics
     University of Maryland

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     Bilkent University Ankara, Turkey

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     Alvernia College

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     Professor and Department Head
     Montana State University

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     Professor of Philosophy, Department of Philosophy and Religion
     The College of New Jersey

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     Associate Professor, School of International Relations
     University of Southern California

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     Louisiana State University

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     Associate Professor, Department of Political Science
     University of Copenhagen

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     Professor, History Department
     Harvard University

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     Professor Department of Political Science
     University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

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     Professor of Political Science
     Yale University

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     Professor of Political Science
     The Graduate Center, City University of New York

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     Associate Professor of Religious Studies
     Arizona State University

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     Assistant Professor of Anthropology and International Studies
     University of Oregon

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     Professor Emeritus of International Relations
     California State University, Chico

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     Visiting Scholar, International Studies
     Yale University

     Nicholas Xenos
     Professor of Political Science
     University of Massachusetts, Amherst

     Deborah J. Yashar
     Associate Professor of Politics and International Affairs
     Princeton University

     M. Crawford Young
     Professor Emeritus
     University of Wisconsin, Madison

     Mark W. Zacher
     Professor Emeritus, Centre of International Relations
     University of British Columbia

     Melanie Ziegler
     Visiting Assistant Professor Department of Political Science
     Miami University

     Cyrus Ernesto Zirakzadeh
     Professor of Political Science
     University of Connecticut

     Footnotes:

     [1] On the mythology, see Jack Snyder, ³Imperial Temptations,² The
National Interest, Spring 2003.

     [2] See, e.g., James Fallows, ³Bush¹s Lost Year,² The Atlantic, October
2004.

     [3] National Commission on Terrorist Attacks, ³The 9/11 Commission
Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon
the United States,² (W.W. Norton & Co., 2004).

     [4] The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, ³WMD in Iraq:
Evidence and Implications,² January 2004; Chaim Kaufmann, ³Threat Inflation
and the Failure of the Marketplace of Ideas: The Selling of the Iraq War,²
International Security vol. 29, no. 1 (Summer 2004). Weapons inspector
Charles Duelfer concluded Saddam's Iraq had no stockpiles of weapons of mass
destruction in an interview on NPR¹s ³All Things Considered,² October 6,
2004.

     [5] See, e.g., James Fallows, ³Blind Into Baghdad,² The Atlantic,
January/February 2004; Peter W. Galbraith, "Iraq: The Bungled Transition,"
New York Review of Books, September 23, 2004; David M. Edelstein,
"Occupational Hazards: Why Military Occupations Succeed or Fail,"
International Security, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Summer 2004), Robin Wright and
Thomas E. Rick, ³Bremer Criticizes Troop Levels² Washington Post, October 5,
2004.

     [6] On negative impacts on the war on terrorism, see Mia Bloom, Dying
to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terrorism (New York: Columbia University
Press, forthcoming); Ivan Arreguin-Toft, ³Tunnel at the End of the Light: A
Critique of U.S. Counter-Terrorist Grand Strategy,² Cambridge Review of
International Affairs, vol. 15, no. 3 (2002); Robert A. Pape, ³The Strategic
Logic of Suicide Terrorism,² American Political Science Review 97, no. 3
(August 2003), and ³Dying to Kill Us,² New York Times, September 22, 2003,
p. A17; Anonymous, Imperial Hubris (Washington, DC: Brassey¹s, 2004).
Regarding problems in Iraq itself, see Anthony H. Cordesman, ³The Critical
Role of Iraqi Military, Security, and Police Forces: Necessity, Problems,
and Progress,² Center for Strategic and International Studies, Third Revised
Draft: September 27, 2004 (3.1); David Rapoport, ³The Fourth Wave: September
11 in the History of Terrorism,² Current History (December 2001); and
Douglas Jehl, "US Intelligence Shows Pessimism On Iraq's Future," The New
York Times, September 16, 2004, page A1.

 

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